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Export your PDF. Click Export as. Click Export as PDF. Method 3. Do so by clicking the white Adobe Acrobat app with the stylized, red A icon. You can sign up for a subscription at acrobat.
Open a PDF file. Select a PDF file you want to edit. Click Edit PDF. It's icon with pink boxes in the menu bar to the right. This displays an outline around all text boxes and objects in the PDF.
Edit the text. To edit the text in the PDF document, click the text in a text box and start typing. Then click where you want to add text and start typing. Click and drag to define the height and width of the text box you wish to add. The Format tools are in the sidebar menu to the right. Highlight the text you wish to edit and use the following tools to edit the text format: [3] X Research source Click the drop-down menu below "FORMAT" to change the font Click the size drop-down menu below the font to change the text size Click the square color swatch next to the font size drop-down menu to change the text color Click the icons with the capital "T" in various styles to add bold, italics, underline, subscript, or superscript to your text.
Click the drop-down menu next to the icon with three lines and three dots to create a bullet-point list. Click the drop-down menu next to the icon with three numbered lines to created a numbered list. Click the icons with 4 lines that resemble text to align the text left, center, right, or fully-justified alignment.
Click the drop-down with the icon with a vertical arrow next to three lines to increase or decrease the space between lines of text Click the drop-down menu next to the icon with an arrow next to two sets of lines grouped together to increase or decrease the space between after paragraphs. Click the "Horizontal scaling" drop-down to increase or decrease the width percentage of the highlighted characters Click the drop-down menu with a horizontal arrow below an "A" and a "V" to increase or decrease the space between individual text characters Not all elements of a PDF may be editable.
Add an image to the PDF. Click where you want the image to go or click and drag to specify the image size. Click and drag the blue dots in the corners of the box around the image to change the image size.
Select the object you wish to edit and use the following tools to edit an object: Click the icon with two triangles pointing right to invert the object up or down along a horizontal axis.
Click the icon with two triangles pointing up to flip the object from one side or another along a vertical axis. Click drop-down next to an icon with two boxes next to a line to arrange multiple objects on the page with one another.
Click the icon with a circular arrow pointing counterclockwise to rotate the object to the left. Click the icon with a circular arrow pointing clockwise to rotate the object to the right.
Click the icon that resembles a stack of images to replace an image with another. Click the icon that resembles a stack of squares to change the object's page layer in relation to other text and objects. Not all elements of a PDF may be editable. It's next to the purple icon that resembles a pencil in the menu bar to the right. Use the tools at the top of the page to type your signature, add a checkmark icon, or click Sign to create or add an existing signature.
Save your PDF. Method 4. Open Microsoft Word. Do so by clicking on the blue app containing or shaped like a W. Open a PDF in Word. The file you selected will be converted to an editable Word document. Select the PDF file you want to convert to Word. Click on OK. Edit the file as you would a normal Word document. As with any PDF conversion, the converted document may look different from the original and some manual adjustment may be necessary.
Did you know you can get expert answers for this article? Unlock expert answers by supporting wikiHow. Luigi Oppido. Support wikiHow by unlocking this expert answer. Not Helpful 3 Helpful 0. This may change your default program associated with PDF files, but the programs can coexist. Not Helpful 5 Helpful 8. Start by going into your PDF viewer and tag the image, and then copy and paste into Paint or another editing program.
Not Helpful 15 Helpful Not Helpful 1 Helpful 5. Brian K. Adobe Reader. The Fill and Sign button is at the top right of the window. Not Helpful 16 Helpful 5. Save it to a new file and edit the newly saved file. Alternatively, you could try to copy the contents of the PDF and past it into a Word.
Not Helpful 5 Helpful 1. Include your email address to get a message when this question is answered. By using this service, some information may be shared with YouTube. How to. Expert Interview. Co-authored by:. Co-authors: Updated: July 28, Article Summary X 1. Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 2,, times. John Crawford Habasa May 5, I wanted to delete a single pesky page from a PDF I downloaded from the internet, and now it's gone.
Thank you! More reader stories Hide reader stories. Cookies make wikiHow better. By continuing to use our site, you agree to our cookie policy. Anonymous Mar 3, Will use these recommendations as part of the basis for my suggestions. Share yours! More success stories Hide success stories. Pour en savoir plus. Espace presse. Huit conversations sur le climat, entre la science et la jeunesse. Mythes et machines - Robotique et Intelligence Artificielle : penser…. Comprendre sa douleur.
Recyclage et Chimie. Optimisation, apprentissage, analyse et…. Le peintre : un chimiste qui s'ignore, par Odile Eisenstein - Cycle…. Rencontre avec Patrick Flandrin - Des signaux partout. Rencontre avec Marc Fontecave - Entre chimie et biologie : un…. Hommage au professeur Ogobara Doumbo. Prospective en science ouverte. Pour une nouvelle politique de la recherche!
Relations scientifiques en temps de guerre. Date 24 Sep Science et architecture : l'urgence. Lire la suite. Date 08 Oct Pasteur, un visionnaire. Giorgio Parisi, prix Nobel de physique Dominique Costagliola, grand prix Inserm Reinhard Genzel, prix Nobel de physique Bereits seit gibt es das nicht kommerzielle Project Gutenberg , welches sich zum Ziel gesetzt hat, Literatur in elektronischer Form kostenlos anzubieten. Hary eigene Romane auf Disketten, die er als "Discomane" anbot. Die Idee hierzu entstand bereits im Jahr zuvor und umfasste auch den Aspekt des elektronischen Austauschs von Nachrichten und Kommentaren.
In einem Brief vom Das ist zwar unter finanziellen Gesichtspunkten — zurzeit — ein Flop und unter technischen wegen des Postmonopols entsetzlich limitiert, aber es ist dennoch das eigentlich Begeisternde.
Sie rationalisierten Logistik und Bestellwesen radikal und erreichten damit in kurzer Zeit eine marktbeherrschende Stellung. Dadurch bescherten sie dem gedruckten Buch nie gekannte Auflagen. In den folgenden Jahren blieben E-Books wirtschaftlich ein Nischenmarkt. Parallel dazu etablierte sich das Untergrundforum eBookz, welches bis existierte. Daher werden vor allem Fachwerke in elektronischer Buchform verkauft.
Jeden Monat kommen auf diese Weise etwa neue Titel auf den deutschen Buchmarkt. Sie kosteten zwischen 1,99 und 25 Euro; durchschnittlich 10,26 Euro. Autoren die bei solchen Verlagen oder auch im Selbstverlag publizieren werden Indie-Autoren genannt. Das Landgericht Bielefeld verneinte das Recht auf den Weiterverkauf.
E-Books verkauft. Bei den Im deutschsprachigen Raum gibt es zahlreiche E-Book-Anbieter. Streaming-Medien und bieten dieses Recht wiederum ihren berechtigten Nutzern an.
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Computer security - Wikipedia.Pdf expert virus free
Computer security , cybersecurity cyber security , or information technology security IT security is the protection of computer systems and networks from information disclosure, theft of, or damage to their hardware , software , or electronic data , as well as from the disruption or misdirection of the services they provide.
The field has become of significance due to the expanded reliance on computer systems , the Internet , [3] and wireless network standards such as Bluetooth and Wi-Fi , and due to the growth of "smart" devices , including smartphones , televisions , and the various devices that constitute the Internet of things IoT. Cybersecurity is also one of the significant challenges in the contemporary world , due to the complexity of information systems , both in terms of political usage and technology.
Its primary goal is to ensure the system's dependability, integrity, and data privacy. Since the Internet 's arrival and with the digital transformation initiated in recent years, the notion of cybersecurity has become a familiar subject in both our professional and personal lives. Cybersecurity and cyber threats have been consistently present for the last 50 years of technological change. In the s and s, computer security was mainly limited to academia until the conception of the Internet, where, with increased connectivity, computer viruses and network intrusions began to take off.
After the spread of viruses in the s, the s marked the institutionalization [ clarification needed ] of cyber threats and cybersecurity. The April session organized by Willis Ware at the Spring Joint Computer Conference , and the later publication of the Ware Report , were foundational moments in the history of the field of computer security. However, in the s and s there were no grave computer threats because computers and the internet were still developing, and security threats were easily identifiable.
Most often, threats came from malicious insiders who gained unauthorized access to sensitive documents and files. Although malware and network breaches existed during the early years, they did not use them for financial gain. By the second half of the s, established computer firms like IBM started offering commercial access control systems and computer security software products.
It started with Creeper in It is considered the first computer worm. In , the first anti-virus software was created, called Reaper. Between September and June , a group of German hackers performed the first documented case of cyber espionage.
The group hacked into American defense contractors, universities, and military bases' networks and sold gathered information to the Soviet KGB.
The group was led by Markus Hess , who was arrested on 29 June He was convicted of espionage along with two co-conspirators on 15 Feb In , one of the first computer worms, called the Morris worm , was distributed via the Internet. It gained significant mainstream media attention. Netscape had SSL version 1. These weaknesses included replay attacks and a vulnerability that allowed hackers to alter unencrypted communications sent by users.
However, in February , Netscape launched the Version 2. Protecting information systems includes evaluating software, identifying security flaws, and taking steps to correct the flaws, which is a defensive action. Collecting intelligence includes exploiting security flaws to extract information, which is an offensive action.
Correcting security flaws makes the flaws unavailable for NSA exploitation. The agency analyzes commonly used software in order to find security flaws, which it reserves for offensive purposes against competitors of the United States. The agency seldom takes defensive action by reporting the flaws to software producers so that they can eliminate them. The offensive strategy worked for a while, but eventually other nations, including Russia , Iran , North Korea , and China , acquired their own offensive capability and have tended to use it against the United States.
NSA contractors created and sold "click-and-shoot" attack tools to U. NSA's employees and contractors have been recruited at high salaries by adversaries, anxious to compete in cyberwarfare.
For example, in , the United States and Israel began exploiting security flaws in the Microsoft Windows operating system to attack and damage equipment used in Iran to refine nuclear materials. Iran responded by heavily investing in their own cyberwarfare capability, which they began using against the United States. A vulnerability is a weakness in design, implementation, operation, or internal control. Most of the vulnerabilities that have been discovered are documented in the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures CVE database.
A backdoor in a computer system, a cryptosystem or an algorithm , is any secret method of bypassing normal authentication or security controls. They may exist for many reasons, including by original design or poor configuration. They may have been added by an authorized party to allow some legitimate access, or by an attacker for malicious reasons; but regardless of the motives for their existence, they create a vulnerability.
Backdoors can be very hard to detect, and backdoors are usually discovered by someone who has access to application source code or intimate knowledge of the operating system of the computer.
Denial of service attacks DoS are designed to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users. While a network attack from a single IP address can be blocked by adding a new firewall rule, many forms of Distributed denial of service DDoS attacks are possible, where the attack comes from a large number of points — and defending is much more difficult.
Such attacks can originate from the zombie computers of a botnet or from a range of other possible techniques, including reflection and amplification attacks , where innocent systems are fooled into sending traffic to the victim. An unauthorized user gaining physical access to a computer is most likely able to directly copy data from it.
They may also compromise security by making operating system modifications, installing software worms, keyloggers , covert listening devices or using wireless microphones. Even when the system is protected by standard security measures, these may be bypassed by booting another operating system or tool from a CD-ROM or other bootable media.
Disk encryption and Trusted Platform Module are designed to prevent these attacks. Eavesdropping is the act of surreptitiously listening to a private computer "conversation" communication , typically between hosts on a network. Even machines that operate as a closed system i. Surfacing in , a new class of multi-vector, [18] polymorphic [19] cyber threats combined several types of attacks and changed form to avoid cybersecurity controls as they spread. Phishing is the attempt of acquiring sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details directly from users by deceiving the users.
The fake website often asks for personal information, such as log-in details and passwords. This information can then be used to gain access to the individual's real account on the real website. Preying on a victim's trust, phishing can be classified as a form of social engineering. Attackers are using creative ways to gain access to real accounts.
A common scam is for attackers to send fake electronic invoices [21] to individuals showing that they recently purchased music, apps, or others, and instructing them to click on a link if the purchases were not authorized. Privilege escalation describes a situation where an attacker with some level of restricted access is able to, without authorization, elevate their privileges or access level.
For example, a standard computer user may be able to exploit a vulnerability in the system to gain access to restricted data; or even become " root " and have full unrestricted access to a system. Reverse engineering is the process by which a man-made object is deconstructed to reveal its designs, code, architecture, or to extract knowledge from the object; similar to scientific research, the only difference being that scientific research is about a natural phenomenon.
Any computational system affects its environment in some form. This effect it has on its environment, includes a wide range of criteria, which can range from electromagnetic radiation, to residual effect on RAM cells which as a consequent make a Cold boot attack possible, to hardware implementation faults which allow for access and or guessing of other values that normally should be inaccessible.
In Side-channel attack scenarios the attacker would gather such information about a system or network to guess its internal state, and as a result access the information which is assumed by the victim to be secure. Social engineering , in the context of computer security, aims to convince a user to disclose secrets such as passwords, card numbers, etc.
A common scam involves emails sent to accounting and finance department personnel, impersonating their CEO and urgently requesting some action. In May , the Milwaukee Bucks NBA team was the victim of this type of cyber scam with a perpetrator impersonating the team's president Peter Feigin , resulting in the handover of all the team's employees' W-2 tax forms. Spoofing is an act of masquerading as a valid entity through falsification of data such as an IP address or username , in order to gain access to information or resources that one is otherwise unauthorized to obtain.
Tampering describes a malicious modification or alteration of data. So-called Evil Maid attacks and security services planting of surveillance capability into routers are examples. Malicious software malware installed on a computer can leak any information, such as personal information, business information and passwords, can give control of the system to the attacker, and can corrupt or delete data permanently.
Employee behavior can have a big impact on information security in organizations. Cultural concepts can help different segments of the organization work effectively or work against effectiveness towards information security within an organization.
Information security culture is the " Andersson and Reimers found that employees often do not see themselves as part of their organization's information security effort and often take actions that impede organizational changes.
The growth in the number of computer systems and the increasing reliance upon them by individuals, businesses, industries, and governments means that there are an increasing number of systems at risk. The computer systems of financial regulators and financial institutions like the U. Securities and Exchange Commission , SWIFT, investment banks, and commercial banks are prominent hacking targets for cybercriminals interested in manipulating markets and making illicit gains.
Computers control functions at many utilities, including coordination of telecommunications , the power grid , nuclear power plants , and valve opening and closing in water and gas networks.
The Internet is a potential attack vector for such machines if connected, but the Stuxnet worm demonstrated that even equipment controlled by computers not connected to the Internet can be vulnerable. In , the Computer Emergency Readiness Team , a division of the Department of Homeland Security , investigated 79 hacking incidents at energy companies. The aviation industry is very reliant on a series of complex systems which could be attacked.
The consequences of a successful attack range from loss of confidentiality to loss of system integrity, air traffic control outages, loss of aircraft, and even loss of life. Desktop computers and laptops are commonly targeted to gather passwords or financial account information, or to construct a botnet to attack another target.
Smartphones , tablet computers , smart watches , and other mobile devices such as quantified self devices like activity trackers have sensors such as cameras, microphones, GPS receivers, compasses, and accelerometers which could be exploited, and may collect personal information, including sensitive health information. WiFi, Bluetooth, and cell phone networks on any of these devices could be used as attack vectors, and sensors might be remotely activated after a successful breach.
The increasing number of home automation devices such as the Nest thermostat are also potential targets. Large corporations are common targets. In many cases attacks are aimed at financial gain through identity theft and involve data breaches. Examples include the loss of millions of clients' credit card details by Home Depot , [47] Staples , [48] Target Corporation , [49] and the most recent breach of Equifax.
Medical records have been targeted in general identify theft, health insurance fraud, and impersonating patients to obtain prescription drugs for recreational purposes or resale. Not all attacks are financially motivated, however: security firm HBGary Federal suffered a serious series of attacks in from hacktivist group Anonymous in retaliation for the firm's CEO claiming to have infiltrated their group, [53] [54] and Sony Pictures was hacked in with the apparent dual motive of embarrassing the company through data leaks and crippling the company by wiping workstations and servers.
Vehicles are increasingly computerized, with engine timing, cruise control , anti-lock brakes , seat belt tensioners, door locks, airbags and advanced driver-assistance systems on many models.
Additionally, connected cars may use WiFi and Bluetooth to communicate with onboard consumer devices and the cell phone network. All of these systems carry some security risk, and such issues have gained wide attention. Simple examples of risk include a malicious compact disc being used as an attack vector, [61] and the car's onboard microphones being used for eavesdropping.
However, if access is gained to a car's internal controller area network , the danger is much greater [57] — and in a widely publicized test, hackers remotely carjacked a vehicle from 10 miles away and drove it into a ditch. Manufacturers are reacting in numerous ways, with Tesla in pushing out some security fixes "over the air" into its cars' computer systems. Government and military computer systems are commonly attacked by activists [67] [68] [69] and foreign powers.
The Internet of things IoT is the network of physical objects such as devices, vehicles, and buildings that are embedded with electronics , software , sensors , and network connectivity that enables them to collect and exchange data.
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